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3.2 How Humans
Spread: Archaeology
Version 1.3 February 2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â (Previous Version)
These are the questions we ask in
the introduction (Section 0.1.6 – paragraph 15):
How did the first humans spread
around the world, just by walking? Did they walk across water? Who invented
the first tools? Who invented agriculture? Where does our food come from?Â
Why did farming develop earlier in Asia, later in the Americas and Africa,
and hardly at all in Australia?
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This Chapter covers history from about 50,000 years ago to
about 5,000 years ago, essentially before writing. We learn about these times
from a variety of scientific evidence, especially the bones of humans and other
animals, artefacts which last such as pottery, but also biology and
linguistics.
As people spread around the world they took their survival
skills with them and adapted on the way. Initially all humans were small bands
of hunter gatherers. Later humans began to domesticate plants and animals and
turn into farmers, living more or less in one place, settled in villages. When
they could, as people explored away from their home villages, they took their
survival skills with them, and domesticated newly discovered plants and
animals. But some of the new places were hostile to farming, so the people resumed
being hunter gatherers. How it panned out depended mostly on the geography of
the land – the climate, weather, landscape, and the local plants and animals.
Scientists and historians have developed a rich story of
how humans spread around the world and why some societies prospered more than
others. There are many gaps in our knowledge, new controversies will arise,
and the story will change, especially in the details.Â
Understanding how human societies grew at
different rates on different continents reinforces that racial differences
have not affected social development. We are the same.
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We propose to look at how we know what we know about
history under the following headings:
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1. Hunter Gatherer Society:
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How did age, sex and so on affect how the first humans
lived?
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2. Spread Out of Africa:
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How did humans spread around the world?
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Is it
reasonable to break down this area into these topics at this level?
Click on
feedback, or add a comment below, to tell us if you agree or disagree, or
suggest improvements.
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3. Early Middle East:
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Did civilisation start here?
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4. Early South Asia:
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How did technology spread laterally?
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5. Early Australia:
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How did humans first get to Australia?
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6. Early Europe:
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When was Europe colonised by people?
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7. Early East Asia:
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How did people spread further east?
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8. Early Americas:
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When did people first get to the Americas?
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9. Early Oceania:
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Getting to New Zealand and the Pacific?
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As stated in
the chapter overview, this
is the current summary of our conclusions in this area:
Humans spread out of Africa into Eurasia, Australia,
the Americas and many islands, adapting to but also changing their new
environments, developing farming sooner in areas where plants and
animals were easier to domesticate, in Eurasia and New Guinea, later in
the Americas and Africa, and partially in Australia.
 more                                                             Statement
15
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Do you know of any great music that would go well with this
page?
Or any of the other pages?
IF
YOU DO, CLICK FEEDBACK.
It could be in any language, or have no words, or just be
instrumental. From pop, to classical, a cappella to orchestral!
Examples of the
music we seek:
● On
the Tenets page, accessed from the main menu, our current choice is a Song
Without Words from Mendelssohn (who died in 1847), Opus 14 Nbr 4, called Contentment. Check it out: the Tenets
conclude most
times, I have a measure of content.
● Chapter 2.3 covers the solar system
and Earth’s development. In there somewhere, surely we should be
hearing Gustav
Holst's The Planets, which premiered 100 years ago. There is a movement for
each of the planets.
Please tell as
much identifying information as you can: a link, and/or the name of the piece
and a person’s name may be enough, but if you know it please also send
the artist/performer, composer/lyricist, year written, year recorded, record
label, copyright owner, or similar details.
We have to worry
about copyright: acknowledge it, and not infringe on it. Music that is
out of copyright, or was never copyrighted (eg like real, ie very old, folk
music) is good. Some material is ‘open source’ allowing others
to use it for free. For newer restricted copyright music we may have to
seek permission to play it, but we can’t afford to pay for it. It
depends on the circumstances. In general, copyright in text, images and music lasts
for 70 years after the year of the creator's death, even if the creator does
not own copyright.
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English (English)
